How do researchers know that a species is at risk of extinction?

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Recently researchers present evidence that the platypus is at risk of extinction.

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How do researchers know that a species is at risk of extinction?  I mean Earth is so large, said species could be deep in the Pacific ocean or somewhere else that has been thoroughly explored.

user12256545 · Answer

The to assess the extinction risk of a species, Researchers first study the ecology and global populations of the species.

Then mathematical models are applied to  simulate the population dynamics and estimate extinction risk.

The results are collected in the IUCNs Red list.

https://www.iucnredlist.org/

How do researchers know that a species is at risk of extinction?

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