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Williamson Ether and Carboxylic Acids

Chemistry Asked by Tbl on December 21, 2021

What would happen if you tried a Williamson Ether Synthesis on something that has both an alcohol and a carboxylic acid? Would both -OH groups be functionalized, where the alcohol would become an ether and the carboxylic acid become an ester?

2 Answers

There is a general principle known as “last in-first out” that I think applies here. If a molecule contains multiple acidic positions with significantly different pKa, you can selectively react on the least acidic position (in your case, the alcohol).

Specifically, I would try treating your molecule with 2 eq. Of strong base such as NaH or LDA. The first equivalent will deprotonate all of your acid to form the quite stable metal acetate. The second equivalent removes the alcohol hydrogen to generate a less stable alkoxide. If you add 1.0 eq. Of the electrophile it ought to react selectively on the more reactive alkoxide nucleophile, leaving the metal acetate unaffected, then you can just neutralise in work up.

Answered by PCK on December 21, 2021

In priciple this should work. If you dissolve your omega-hydroxycarboxylic acid in excess aqueous hydroxide (or hydrolyse the lactone) then add a reactive electrophile like MeI, I think you will get the ether you want. Any ester that forms will quickly hydrolyse back. I do not have database access to search for this, but perhaps someone else can find a reference.

Answered by Waylander on December 21, 2021

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