What semantic notions underlie 女 (woman) with 妖 (goblin, fradulent, gorgeous)?

Here is the entry for 妖 from the Outlier dictionary:

FORM
妖 yāo is composed of 夭 yāo (also yǎo) and 女 “woman; female; people in general,” pointing to the original meaning “gorgeous, lovely.” 夭 gives the sound.

COMPONENTS
女
In 妖, 女 “woman; female; people in general” is a meaning component, pointing to the original meaning “gorgeous, lovely.”

夭
In 妖 yāo, 夭 yāo (also yǎo) is a sound component.

MEANINGS
Character meanings
yāo

1 (orig.) gorgeous, lovely
2 → seductive, bewitching
‎‎‎　3 ⇒ witch
　　4 ⇛ devil, demon
　　5 ⇛ weird, strange

The meaning tree is especially helpful for seeing how word meanings evolved over time. They also cite a reference for this work:

王力 主編，2000《王力古漢語字典》，北京：中華書局，2007年重印。p. 189

The reference might have more of the same if that is what you are looking for.

To answer your other question: 男 is very rarely used as a character component; if something were related to men, you’d more than likely see a 亻component instead. ⿰亻夭 does have its own character: 仸.

妖 itself can have both the meaning of "seduction" and "evil", the word 妖艳 (coquettish) is such an example. So 妖 is not naturally linked with 女.

Also in Chinese culture many supernatural beings harm people indirectly via hypnosis (or say, causing mental damage), that's where the "seduction" comes in.