# How to interpret GLMM results?

Cross Validated Asked on January 1, 2022

My question is related with my previous post Extract variance of the fixed effect in a glmm.
However, in this case I change the model that the GLMM follow.
It follows a log family and as there are many zeros in my dataset,so I used a zero inflation method.

I would like to get the variation (variance component) in incidence (inc.) within each habitat while being mindful of random factors such as season and site

This is my data set:

## Incidence:

Incidence <- data.frame(Inc. = c(0.4400, 0.5102, 0.2979, 0.2667, 0.0000, 0.0000,
0.0200, 0.0213, 0.0000, 0.0238, 0.0256, 0.0000,
0.0000, 0.1538, 0.0417, 0.0000, 0.0734, 0.0000,
0.0000, 0.0000, 0.1293, 0.0072, 0.0000, 0.0078,
0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0068, 0.0000, 0.0000,
0.0068),
Habitat = c("Crop", "Crop", "Crop", "Crop", "Edge", "Edge",
"Edge", "Edge", "Edge", "Edge", "Edge", "Edge",
"Edge", "Edge", "Edge", "Oakwood", "Oakwood",
"Oakwood", "Oakwood", "Oakwood", "Oakwood",
"Oakwood", "Oakwood", "Wasteland", "Wasteland",
"Wasteland", "Wasteland", "Wasteland", "Wasteland",
"Wasteland", "Wasteland"),
Season = c("Summer", "Summer", "Summer", "Summer", "Autumn",
"Autumn", "Autumn", "Autumn", "Spring", "Spring",
"Spring", "Spring", "Summer", "Summer", "Summer",
"Autumn", "Autumn", "Autumn", "Autumn", "Spring",
"Spring", "Spring", "Spring", "Autumn", "Autumn",
"Autumn", "Autumn", "Spring", "Spring", "Spring",
"Spring"),
Site = c("M1", "M2", "M3", "M4", "L1", "L2", "L3", "L4",
"L1", "L2", "L3", "L4", "L1", "L2", "L3", "Q1",
"Q2", "Q3", "Q4", "Q1", "Q2", "Q3", "Q4", "E1",
"E2", "E3", "E4", "E1", "E2", "E3", "E4"))


With the aim to get the variation I check previously with a shapiro wilk test how is the distribution of my dataset by Rstudio.

shapiro.test(x = Incidence$Inc.): Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: Incidence$Incidence
W = 0.56708, p-value = 2.092e-08


Moreover I got the homocedasticity with a levene test:

leveneTest(y = Incidence$$Inc., group = Incidence$$Habitat, center = "median")

Levene's Test for Homogeneity of Variance (center = "median")
Df F value   Pr(>F)
group  3  6.3481 0.002129 **
27
---
Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1


Afterward I check how is the distribution using:

Input_2 <- Incidence$Inc. library(rriskDistributions) Prueba <- fit.cont(as.vector(t(Input_2)))  and I got a log distribution Then I performed a glmm of this dataset in R: GlM_habitats <- glmmTMB(Inc.~ Habitat + (1|Season)+ (1|Site), data = Incidence, ziformula = ~1, family = poisson(link = "log")) #Warning message: #In glmmTMB(Inc.~ Habitat + (1 | Season) + (1 | Site), data = Incidence, : #non-integer counts in a poisson model Anova(GlM_habitats) Analysis of Deviance Table (Type II Wald chisquare tests) Response: Incidence Chisq Df Pr(>Chisq) Habitat 3.0632 3 0.382 summary(GlM_habitats) Family: poisson ( log ) Formula: Inc.~ Habitat + (1 | Season) + (1 | Site) Zero inflation: ~1 Data: Incidence AIC BIC logLik deviance df.resid 23.5 33.5 -4.7 9.5 24 Random effects: Conditional model: Groups Name Variance Std.Dev. Season (Intercept) 5.656e-13 7.52e-07 Site (Intercept) 1.176e-13 3.43e-07 Number of obs: 31, groups: Season, 3; Site, 16 Conditional model: Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -0.9710 0.8125 -1.195 0.232 HabitatEdge -2.6780 2.0382 -1.314 0.189 HabitatOakwood -2.6696 2.3290 -1.146 0.252 HabitatWasteland -4.9528 6.8841 -0.720 0.472 Zero-inflation model: Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -24.1 43216.9 -0.001 1  Then as in previous post they anwered to me I tried to extract the variance of fixed effect:  # Variance of random effects: vc <- lme4::VarCorr(GlM_habitats) print(vc,comp=c("Variance","Std.Dev."),digits=2) Conditional model: Groups Name Variance Std.Dev. Season (Intercept) 5.7e-13 7.5e-07 Site (Intercept) 1.2e-13 3.4e-07 # Variance-Covariance Matrix of fixed effects: vc_fixed <- as.matrix(vcov(GlM_habitats)) # Variance of fixed effects: var_fixed <- diag(vc_fixed); var_fixed [[1]] (Intercept) HabitatEdge HabitatOakwood HabitatWasteland (Intercept) 0.660153 -0.660153 -0.660153 -0.660153 HabitatEdge -0.660153 4.154245 0.660153 0.660153 HabitatOakwood -0.660153 0.660153 5.424338 0.660153 HabitatWasteland -0.660153 0.660153 0.660153 47.390362 # Standard errors of fixed effects: se_fixed <- sqrt(var_fixed); se_fixed  When I perform this analysis I got this  Error in sqrt(var_fixed) : non-numeric argument to mathematical function  I would like to know how to interpret this result and to know if they have been performed OK. I can not believe that Season and Site have very low variance and the ANOVA results give a p value that is not significant. Moreover, I do not know why the Standard errors of fixed effects do not work. What Am I doing wrong? ## One Answer There are 2 main problems here: 1. As with other linear models there is no requirement for the outcome variable to be normally distributed in a linear mixed effects model. So shapiro.test(x = Incidence$Inc.) is a waste of time and so is any procedure that tries to find the distribution of the outcome, such as fit.cont that you use - such things might be of interest to theoreticians but they are of very limited value to applied research. We would, however, like the residuals to be, at least approximately, normally distributed.

2. You have fitted a poisson model. Poisson models are for data with a count (integer) outcome. You have a numeric variable so the first model to fit is a standard linear mixed effects model.

3. You have only 3 levels of Season. This should probably be a fixed effect.

So, with your data we can fit:

> m0 <- lmer(Inc.~ Habitat + (1|Season)+ (1|Site),
+            data = Incidence)
> summary(m0)
Linear mixed model fit by REML ['lmerMod']
Formula: Inc. ~ Habitat + (1 | Season) + (1 | Site)
Data: Incidence

REML criterion at convergence: -78.9

Scaled residuals:
Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max
-1.45229 -0.30319 -0.01575  0.20558  2.53994

Random effects:
Groups   Name        Variance  Std.Dev.
Site     (Intercept) 0.0031294 0.05594
Season   (Intercept) 0.0005702 0.02388
Residual             0.0008246 0.02872
Number of obs: 31, groups:  Site, 16; Season, 3

Fixed effects:
Estimate Std. Error t value
(Intercept)       0.35450    0.03607   9.827
HabitatEdge      -0.32669    0.04475  -7.301
HabitatOakwood   -0.31616    0.04637  -6.818
HabitatWasteland -0.33973    0.04637  -7.326



and then we can inspect the residuals histgram:

hist(residuals(m0))


which looks fine. There is no need to perform a statistical test for normality.

Note that you should probably model Season as a fixed effect, not random.

Answered by Robert Long on January 1, 2022

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