# Are all almost virtually free groups word hyperbolic?

Mathematics Asked by Chain Markov on January 3, 2022

Suppose $$G$$ is a finitely generated group with a finite symmetric generating set $$A$$. Lets define Cayley ball $$B_A^n := (A cup {e})^n$$ as the set of all elements with Cayley length (in respect to $$A$$) $$n$$ or less.

Suppose $$R_1, … , R_k$$ are $$k$$ random elements chosen uniformly from $$B_A^n$$. Then we can define a random $$k$$-generated subgroup of $$G$$ as $$H(G, A, k, n) = langle {R_1, … , R_k} rangle$$.

Now, suppose, $$mathfrak{X}$$ is some group property closed under finitely-generated subgroups. We say, that a finitely generated group $$G := langle A rangle$$ is almost $$mathfrak{X}$$ iff $$forall k in mathbb{N} lim_{n to infty} P(H(G, A, k, n)) = 1$$.

The following facts are not hard to see:

The definition does not depend on the choice of $$A$$

The property of being almost $$mathfrak{X}$$ is closed under finitely-generated subgroups

A group is almost almost $$mathfrak{X}$$ iff it is almost $$mathfrak{X}$$

Moreover, a following fact was proved by Gilman, Miasnikov and Osin in «Exponentially generic subsets of groups»:

Any word hyperbolic group is either almost free or virtually cyclic

An easy corollary of this statement is:

All word hyperbolic groups are almost virtually free

My question is whether the converse is also true:

Are all almost virtually free groups word hyperbolic?

The answer is no. The paper Generic free subgroups and statistical hyperbolicity, by Suzhen Han and Wen-yuan Yang, proves almost virtually free for a class of groups which includes relatively hyperbolic groups.

To make sure we are on the same page I will state the result precisely in the case of relatively hyperbolic groups. Define $$U^{(k)}:={(u_1,...,u_k) mid u_i in U}$$. Let $$G$$ be a relatively hyperbolic group generated by a finite set $$S$$ and let $$B_n$$ be the ball of radius $$n$$ in the Cayley graph of $$(G,S)$$ centered at the identity. They show

$$lim_{n to infty} frac{ left|X cap B_n^{(k)}right|}{|B_n^{(k)}|} = 1$$

where $$X subseteq G^{(k)}$$ is the set of elements $$(g_1,...,g_k)$$ such that $$langle g_1,...,g_k rangle$$ is a free group of rank $$k$$ (Corollary of Corollary 1.6). In particular:

• Almost virtually free does not imply hyperbolicity since relatively hyperbolic does not imply hyperbolic (see next bullet point for an example).
• Almost virtually free groups can have subgroups which are not almost virtually free. Note that $$mathbb{Z}^2$$ is not almost virtually free but can be contained in relatively hyperbolic groups. If $$M$$ is a finite volume hyperbolic three manifold with cusps then $$pi_1(M)$$ is relatively hyperbolic and contains $$mathbb{Z}^2$$ subgroups.

I would like to point out that what is shown in Exponentially generic subsets of groups is somewhat different from the result above for hyperbolic groups. Essentially what they prove is that when you look at surjective homomorphism $$F(S) to G$$, $$G$$ hyperbolic, that tuples of words generically map to tuples of elements which generate a free group. This is somewhat different from the ball model of randomness and I don't believe it follows that you get the almost virtually free property for hyperbolic groups.

If instead you use this model of randomness then your question still has a negative answer. The authors of this paper point out groups which have surjective homomorphisms to non-elementary hyperbolic groups have the "word almost virtually free property". For example you get that $$F_n times mathbb Z$$ has this property, witnessed by the projection to $$F_n$$.

Answered by user29123 on January 3, 2022

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