$sum_{n=1}^infty csc^2(omegapi n)= frac{A}{pi} +B$

Mathematics Asked by hwood87 on January 7, 2022

$$sum_{n=1}^infty csc^2(omegapi n)= frac{A}{pi} +B$$ if $$omega =-frac{1}{2}+frac{sqrt{3}}{2}i$$ find $$frac{A^2}{B^2}$$

My Attempt

$$sum_{n=1}^infty csc^2(omegapi n)= sum_{n=1}^infty csch^2(iomegapi n)= 4sum_{n=1}^infty big(e^{pi n big( frac{i}{2} + frac{ sqrt{3} }{2} big) }-e^{-pi n big( frac{i}{2} + frac{ sqrt{3} }{2} big)}big) ^{-2}$$ $$sum_{n=1}^infty big(e^{pi n big( frac{i}{2} + frac{ sqrt{3} }{2} big) }-e^{-pi n big( frac{i}{2} + frac{ sqrt{3} }{2} big)}big) ^{-2}= big(ie^{pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}+ie^{-pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}big)^{-2}+ big(-e^{pisqrt{3}}+e^{-pisqrt{3}}big)^{-2} +big(-ie^{3pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}-ie^{-3pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}big)^{-2}+ big(e^{2pisqrt{3}}-e^{-2pisqrt{3}}big)^{-2} +…$$$$= sum_{n=0}^infty big(ie^{(4n+1)pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}+ie^{-(4n+1)pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}big)^{-2} +sum_{n=0}^infty big(-e^{(2n+1)π√3}+e^{-(2n+1)π√3}big)^{-2} +sum_{n=0}^infty big(-ie^{(3+4n)pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}+-ie^{-(4n+3)pifrac{sqrt{3}}{2}}big)^{-2}+ sum_{n=0}^infty big(e^{(2n)π√3}-e^{-(2n)π√3}big)^{-2}$$ $$sum_{n=0}^infty big(-e^{(4n+1)pisqrt{3}}-2-e^{-(4n+1)pisqrt{3}}big)^{-1}+ sum_{n=0}^infty big(e^{2(2n+1)pisqrt{3}}-2+e^{-2(2n+1)pisqrt{3}}big)^{-1} + sum_{n=0}^infty big(e^{(3+4n)pisqrt{3}}-2+e^{-(3+4n)pisqrt{3}}big)^{-1}+ sum_{n=1}^infty big(e^{4npisqrt{3}}-2+e^{-4npisqrt{3}}big)^{-1}$$ I have found the sums numerically and $$sum_{n=0}^infty big(-e^{(4n+1)pisqrt{3}}-2-e^{-(4n+1)pisqrt{3}}big)^{-1}+ sum_{n=0}^infty big(e^{2(2n+1)pisqrt{3}}-2+e^{-2(2n+1)pisqrt{3}}big)^{-1} + sum_{n=0}^infty big(e^{(3+4n)pisqrt{3}}-2+e^{-(3+4n)pisqrt{3}}big)^{-1}+ sum_{n=1}^infty big(e^{4npisqrt{3}}-2+e^{-4npisqrt{3}}big)^{-1} approx -0.00429$$
How can I evaluate this analytically?

Here is an approach using the residue theorem.

The residues of $$newcommand{res}{operatorname*{Res}}f(z)=picotpi zcsc^2omegapi z$$ at its poles are: $$res_{z=0}f(z)=frac{1-omega}{3};quadres_{z=n}f(z)=csc^2omegapi n;quadres_{z=n/omega}f(z)=-omegacsc^2omegapi nquad(ninmathbb{Z}_{neq 0})$$ (easy to obtain using power series; we keep in mind $$omega^3=1implies 1/omega=-1-omega$$).

Now consider $$int_{Gamma}f(z),dz$$ where $$Gamma$$ is the boundary of the parallelogram

$$hspace{3cm}$$ $$big{z : max{|Re z|,|Re(omega z)|}leqslant N+1/2big}$$ and take $$Ntoinfty$$. On $$AB$$ or $$CD$$ we have $$z=pmfrac1omegaleft(N+frac12+itright)$$, with "$$+$$" on $$CD$$ and "$$-$$" on $$AB$$, and $$tinmathbb{R}$$; using $$limlimits_{yto-infty}cot(x+iy)=i$$ (uniformly w.r.t. $$xinmathbb{R}$$), we see that both $$int_{AB}$$ and $$int_{CD}$$ tend to $$-fracpiomegaint_{-infty}^inftyfrac{dt}{cosh^2pi t}=-frac2omega$$ as $$Ntoinfty$$. The integrals along $$BC$$ and $$DA$$ both tend to $$0$$, hence the residue theorem gives $$frac{1-omega}{3}+2(1-omega)sum_{n=1}^inftycsc^2omegapi n=-frac{2}{omegapi i}impliescolor{blue}{sum_{n=1}^inftycsc^2omegapi n=frac{1}{pisqrt3}-frac16}.$$

Answered by metamorphy on January 7, 2022

In my mind, this is most naturally linked to Eisenstein series.

For $$tauinmathbb{C}$$ with $$Imtau>0$$, and an integer $$k>1$$, these are defined by $$G_{2k}(tau)=sum_{m,ninmathbb{Z}}'(m+ntau)^{-2k}:=sum_{(m,n)inmathbb{Z}^2setminus{(0,0)}}(m+ntau)^{-2k}$$ (i.e., $$sum'$$ means $$sum$$ over $$(m,n)$$ excluding $$m=n=0$$), and satisfy the well-known $$G_{2k}(tau+1)=G_{2k}(tau)$$ and $$G_{2k}(-1/tau)=tau^{2k}G_{2k}(tau)$$ (the latter equality corresponds to the validity of $$sum_msum_n=sum_nsum_m$$).

For $$k=1$$, the series doesn't converge in the usual sense; however, it's possible to define $$G_2(tau)=sum_{ninmathbb{Z}}sum_{minmathbb{Z}}'(m+ntau)^{-2}$$ where, in the $$sum'$$, the term with $$m=0$$ is excluded if $$n=0$$. We still have $$G_2(tau+1)=G_2(tau)$$ but $$G_2(-1/tau)=tau^2 G_2(tau)-2ipitau$$ (now the order of the summations is important).

To prove the last formula, $$G_2(tau)$$ is "approximated" with $$G(tau)=sum_nsum_m'frac{1}{(m+ntau)(m+1+ntau)}$$ (here, the meaning of $$sum'$$ is clear but obviously different!), so that $$G_2(tau)-G(tau)$$ is absolutely convergent (hence the interchange of summations is valid), and both $$G(tau)$$ and its version with the summations interchanged are easy to evaluate in closed form (because of "telescoping").

The link to the present question is given by $$pi^2csc^2pitau=sum_{minmathbb{Z}}(m+tau)^{-2}$$ (see (1), (2), etc.): $$sum_{n=1}^inftycsc^2npiomega=frac{1}{pi^2}sum_{n=1}^inftysum_{minmathbb{Z}}(m+nomega)^{-2}=frac{1}{2pi^2}left(G_2(omega)-sum_{mneq 0}frac{1}{m^2}right)=frac{color{blue}{G_2(omega)}}{2pi^2}-frac16;\G_2(omega)=G_2(1+omega)=G_2(-1/omega)=omega^2 G_2(omega)-2ipiomegaimplies color{blue}{G_2(omega)=2pi/sqrt{3}}.$$

Answered by metamorphy on January 7, 2022

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