What is the closest thing we have to "the" universal density functional?

Matter Modeling Asked on August 19, 2021

It is understood that finding “the” universal functional is an NP-complete problem. However, progressively better functionals have been constructed decade after decade and fitted to more and more comprehensive datasets.

What is the closest humans have achieved, to a universal functional?

I think this question somewhat comes down to what "camp" of DFT progression you subscribe to. I should specify upfront that this summary is mainly centered around molecular systems, so some of the recommendations likely vary for materials where the computational workload can often be much greater.

One side really emphasizes accuracy with respect to experiment and is somewhat less concerned with the physical interpretation of the functional form. These groups make efforts to directly improve the accuracy of functionals with respect to experiment by extensive fitting and parameterization. Some functionals that fit into this category would be the Minnesota Functionals from the Truhlar group, as well the ωB97X and ωB97M functionals from the Head-Gordon group. Based on fairly extensive benchmarking (see this excellent paper), these functionals are tough to beat for a wide variety of energetic metrics and types of molecules.

On the other side, the form of functionals is more physically motivated. This is done by ensuring the functional satisfies certain exact constraints of the "universal functional". A prominent example of this type is the SCAN functional from Perdew et al. While these types of functionals have not been able to achieve the same experimental accuracy as more heavily parameterized functionals, there is a chance that they are more robust and amenable to improvement, as they exactly match known properties of the "universal functional".

So it depends in what you are interested. If you want the closest functional form to the "universal functional", you would likely want something from the second camp. However, if your interest is in what will give you the best results for a wide range of complexes/materials right now, you will likely want to go with a functional that has been extensively parameterized on a large training set.

Correct answer by Tyberius on August 19, 2021

Since this is a very active research topic the answer here might change regularly. Just within the last few months we've seen updates to the SCAN functional in the form of r2SCAN and the de-orbitalized r2SCAN-L. These are both functionals that attempt to satisfy all known physical constraints that can be in-principle satisfied by a semi-local functional, although it should be noted that r2SCAN relaxes one of these constraints (the fourth-order gradient expansion) for the benefit of numerical accuracy. To achieve a "universal" functional, these exact constraints have to be satisfied, and SCAN is the closest we have at least in terms of a semi-local functional.

However, there are limits to how good a semi-local functional can be even in principle, and ultimately non-local information is required for a true "universal functional." This is what has made the hybrid functionals so popular. In the solid-state community, HSE06 has become a de facto standard, but its universality is limited by including a fixed amount of Hartree-Fock exchange, when the true value of mixing is expected to vary according to the material's dielectric properties. There have been some "dielectric-dependent" functionals developed, as well as schemes to use HSE but to optimize the amount of mixing, and this is also an active research topic.

Answered by Matt Horton on August 19, 2021

This paper published by Bikash Kanungo, Paul M. Zimmerman & Vikram Gavini provide an interesting solution to getting closer to a "universal functional"

Exact exchange-correlation potentials from ground-state electron densities

They have mapped very accurate electronic densities from ab initio full configuration interaction methods onto an exact exchange correlation functional.

The author's call this inverse DFT since it is going from electron densities to exchange potentials.

Specifically the authors believe the

inverse DFT problem to be instrumental in generating $${rho(i),v(i)_{xc}}$$ pairs, using $$rho(i)$$’s from correlated ab-initio calculations. Subsequently, these can be used as training data to model $$v_{xc}[rho]$$ through machine-learning algorithms which are designed to preserve the functional derivative requirement on vxc[ρ]. Furthermore, the xc energy ($$E_{xc}[rho]$$) can be directly evaluated through line integration on $$v_{xc}[rho]$$."

So maybe sometime soon we can expect a "Universal" DFT exchange functional which is born from exact ab-initio computations and an inverse-DFT generated functional.

Answered by Cody Aldaz on August 19, 2021

I'm not entirely sure what you mean by "universal".

If you mean a functional that can model a wide variety of materials with reasonable success, probably the closest we have are GGA functionals. They are not necessarily the most accurate, but they are used to regularly model metals and semiconductors. They get decent results, despite their known shortcomings (i.e. inaccurate band gaps). Hybrid functionals are increasingly becoming the norm, as we have fast computers that can deal with slow hybrid calculations.

If you mean a functional that is most accurate, there is no one functional that always works for every material. Presumably as you move up the DFT ladder, functionals get better. But this isn't always the case. For instance, hybrid functionals can get very different results for the same material. Some hybrid functionals may overestimate the band gap. Some underestimate. Some get the correct band gap.

My usual operating procedure is to look in the literature, see what has worked, and then use that as a jumping off point.

Answered by che_kid on August 19, 2021

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