TransWikia.com

Hermitian operators in the expansion of symmetry operators in Weinberg's QFT

Physics Asked on December 24, 2020

This is related to Taylor series for unitary operator in Weinberg and Weinberg derivation of Lie Algebra.

$textbf{The first question}$

On page 54 of Weinberg’s QFT I, he says that an element $T(theta)$ of a connected Lie group can be represented by a unitary operator $U(T(theta))$ acting on the physical Hilbert space. Near the identity, he says that
$$U(T(theta)) = 1 + itheta^a t_a + frac{1}{2}theta^atheta^bt_{ab} + ldots. tag{2.2.17}$$
Weinberg then states that $t_a$, $t_{ab}$, … are Hermitian. I can see why $t_a$ must be by expanding to order $mathcal{O}(theta)$ and invoking unitarity. However, expanding to $mathcal{O}(theta^2)$ gives
$$t_at_b = -frac{1}{2}(t_{ab} + t^dagger_{ab})tag{2},$$
so it seems the same reasoning cannot be used to show that $t_{ab}$ is Hermitian. Why, then, is it?

$textbf{The second question}$

In the derivation of the Lie algebra in the first volume of Quantum Theory of Fileds by Weinberg, it is assumed that the operator $U(T(theta)))$ in equation (2.2.17) is unitary, and the rhs of the expansion
begin{equation}
U(T(theta)))=1+itheta^a t_a +frac{1}{2} theta_btheta_c t_{bc} + dots
end{equation}

requires
$$t_{bc}=-frac{1}{2}[t_b,t_c]_+.$$
If this is the case there is a redundancy somewhere. In fact, by symmetry
$$
U(T(theta))=1+itheta_at_a+frac{1}{2}theta_atheta_bt_{ab}+dotsequiv 1+itheta_at_a-frac{1}{2}theta_atheta_bt_at_b+dots
$$

and it coincides with the second order expansion of $expleft(itheta_at_aright)$; the same argument would then hold at any order, obtaining $$U(T(theta))=expleft(itheta_at_aright)$$ automatically.
However, according to eq. (2.2.26) of Weinberg’s book, the expansion
$$U(T(theta))=expleft(itheta_at_aright)$$
holds only (if the group is just connected) for abelian groups.
This seems very sloppy and I think that Lie algebras relations could be obtained in a rigorous, self-consistent way only recurring to Differential Geometry methods.

There have been some answers or speculations for these two questions but I do not think they are solved. I think the crucial point for these two questions is that the $t_{ab}$ operator is $textbf{not}$ hermitian unless the ${t_a}$ operators commute with each other. Here is why:

From the unitarity of $U(t(theta))$ we have
$$t_at_b = -frac{1}{2}(t_{ab} + t^dagger_{ab})tag{2},$$
And from the expansion of $f(theta_a,theta_b)$ we have
$$t_{ab} = t_a t_b – if^c_{ab} t_c.$$
So $t_{ab}$ is hermitian iff $f^c_{ab}$ is zero, which mean that ${t_a}$ group algebra is abelian.

I think that solves the problem. Any other opinions?

One Answer

I looked at page 54 and Weinberg does not say that the $t_{ab}$ are Hermitian, only that the $t_a$ are Hermitian. I have the 7th reprinting of the paperback edition. Maybe it was wrong in earlier editions?

Correct answer by mike stone on December 24, 2020

Add your own answers!

Ask a Question

Get help from others!

© 2024 TransWikia.com. All rights reserved. Sites we Love: PCI Database, UKBizDB, Menu Kuliner, Sharing RPP